History

The park’s human and natural history spans millennia. Archaeological evidence, including Stone Age tools and dolmens, reveals human presence dating back over 10,000 years. During Roman times, the area featured sophisticated water management systems—aqueducts, cisterns, and dams—some of which are still functional today.

In modern history, the ecosystem faced severe decline. From an estimated 38,000 hectares of acacia woodland in the 19th century, only about 5,000 hectares remained by 1936, when it was first protected. Through conservation efforts, the park was expanded to its current size and upgraded to national park status in 1980. Ambitious reintroduction programs have since restored several extinct native species.

Fauna

Bou Hedma is celebrated for its successful wildlife reintroduction initiatives. Key species include:

• Addax: Completely extinct in Tunisia by 1930, reintroduced in 1986 and now thriving.

• Oryx, Dama Gazelle, and Dorcas Gazelle: All reintroduced and now forming stable populations.

• Blue-necked Ostrich: Introduced from Namibia in 1980, replacing the extinct native red-necked ostrich.

• Other residents include wild boar, maned sheep, numerous bird species (especially raptors), reptiles, and lizards, all living freely across the park’s hills and valleys.

Flora

The park’s iconic tree is the Acacia raddiana (or Acacia tortilis), a hardy, thorny species considered a “living fossil” from the Tertiary period. It provides essential food and shade for wildlife. The flora also features wild olive trees, caper bushes, mastic trees, aromatic herbs, and esparto grass, creating a resilient and biodiverse plant community adapted to extreme temperatures.

General Information

• Location: Situated between the governorates of Sidi Bouzid and Gafsa.

• Size: 16,488 hectares, divided into three reserves (Eastern, Haddège Valley, and Southwestern).

• Visitor Facilities: Includes a small ecomuseum with exhibits on the park's unique flora, fauna, and history. Nearby, an area planted with eucalyptus and featuring a pond allows visitors to observe specimens of the park's fauna in enclosures up close.

• Important Note: Visiting a Tunisian national park requires obtaining prior authorization. For details and application procedures, please consult the official guidelines here.

• Visitor Mindset: This is a pristine natural reserve, not a luxury park. Facilities are basic, so visitors should come prepared for a rustic and authentic wilderness experience.

• Entrance Fee: A small charge applies at the gate.

Hiking in the Park

Bou Hedma is a hidden gem for outdoor lovers, offering tranquility and stunning scenery of rolling hills, rocky outcrops, and green patches. The Bou Hedma Trail is a recommended route for experiencing the park on foot:

• Length: 10 km

• Duration: 4–6 hours

• Difficulty: Moderate

• Terrain: Mix of rocky paths, gentle slopes, and some steep sections

• Highlights: Scenic hill views, diverse flora, and opportunities for wildlife spotting

• Reminder: Be sure to bring plenty of water and snacks for the hike, as there are no services along the trail.

When to Go

The best times to visit are spring (March–May) and early autumn (September–October), when temperatures range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F–77°F). These seasons avoid the intense summer heat, which can exceed 40°C (104°F). Spring brings wildflowers and greenery, while autumn offers beautiful foliage and active wildlife. For hikers, starting early in the morning is recommended to avoid heat.

Where to Stay

A wonderful lodging option is Houch Bou Hedma, a rural guesthouse created by the ATRAkouda Association and managed by the local community. Located near the park entrance, it is designed to blend tourism and scientific interest with rural development. Guests can enjoy authentic local meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) prepared by residents and use the guesthouse as a base for hiking or biking in the park. Booking in advance is recommended.

 

Transport

Bou Hedma National Park is accessible but requires some planning:

• By Car: Approximately 2 hours from Sfax, 3 hours from Sousse, and 4 hours from Tunis.

• By Train & Taxi: Take the train from Tunis to Meknassy station (approx. 7–8 hours), then a taxi for about 1 hour to the park entrance. Check schedules on the SNCFT website.

• By Louage: Louages to Meknassy are available from major cities; from there, take a taxi to the park.